「原來我們都不是一張白紙」
1993年1月20日我聽到一個噩耗,就是奧黛麗赫本過世的消息,當下感到非常
之後兩年,
我並突然想到在1985年退伍前,在台南看了一部英國導演大衛連所拍攝的最後一部電影《印度之旅
後來,才知道這當中有殖民與後殖民的角色的權力與屈服的問題。後來,更想到台灣,在日據、戰後、國民政府來談,與解嚴後,與政黨輪替的本土化,也都有出現陳芳明所說的殖民與再殖民、後殖民,乃至王德威所說的遺民與後遺民的複雜問題。如想到陳寅恪先生在哀悼王國維之死的文章裡也出現身處的清末民初的「轉型時代」(殉清/殉文化,或亡國/亡天下)的問題 :
近數十年來,自道光之季,迄乎今日,社會經濟之制度,以外族之侵迫,致劇疾之變遷;綱紀之說,無所憑依,不待外來學說之掊擊,而已銷沈淪喪於不知覺之間;雖有人焉,強聒而力持,亦終歸於不可救療之局。蓋今日之赤縣神州值數千年未有之鉅劫奇變;劫盡變窮,則此文化精神所凝聚之人,安得不與之共命而同盡,此觀堂先生所以不得不死,遂爲天下後世所極哀而深惜者也。(陳寅恪《王觀堂先生挽詞 並序》)
寅恪以謂古今中外志士仁人,往往憔悴憂傷,繼之以死。其所傷之事,所死之故,不止局於一時間一地域而已。蓋別有超越時間地域之理性存焉。而此超越時間地域之理性,必非其同時間地域之眾人所能共喻。然則先生之志事,多為世人所不解,因而有是非之論者,又何足怪耶? (陳寅恪〈王靜安先生遺書序〉)
所以像這種處在法庭上、人際上、身分上、乃至學術、文化、乃至真理上的反省、攻防,思辨、以及正義的伸張所需要的勇氣,讓事情的真相得到證實,是需要很大的道德勇氣。我自己也常常暗地裡在做這樣的陳述、批判、演練以及捍衛等之練習,當然也包含承認自己所曾犯過的過失甚至是懺悔。
我覺得這是現代人在如此複雜的現實情境中經歷那麼多的演變過程裡,所必然會直接與間接經歷甚或犯下的某一些並非故意卻也已是難以置身事外的成長與代價,並都需要當事人真心誠意去面對。
原來我們都不是一張白紙。但只有透過持續不斷的教育與反思才可以讓我們免於「邪惡的平庸」(The
Banality of Evil) 而我孫女取名叫漢娜,我猜他們父母(尤其母親)都與喜歡漢娜鄂蘭有關。
最後這兩場於1990畢克頌揚赫本,與1992由赫本頌揚畢克的典禮儀式與內容
附錄一 (669) To Kill a Mockingbird | Atticus Finch's Closing Argument - YouTube
附錄二 "I'm not quite sure" -- (Spoiler) -- Judy Davis in A Passage to India
附錄三 (665) Audrey Hepburn Cecil B Demille Award Tribute 1990--Gregory Peck, Richard Crenna, George Peppard - YouTube
附錄四、Gregory Peck Kennedy Center Honors Tribute 1992--Audrey Hepburn
附錄五、電影梅崗城故事最後的法庭陳述中英對照
To begin with, this case
should never have come to trial. The State has not produced one iota of medical
evidence that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. It has
relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses whose evidence has not only
been called into serious question on cross examination, but has been flatly
contradicted by the defendant. Now there is circumstantial evidence to indicate
that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led, almost exclusively,
with his left [hand]. And Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken
"The Oath" with the only good hand he possesses -- his right.
首先,這個案子不應該開庭審理。 國家沒有提供一丁點醫學證據證明湯姆羅賓遜被指控的罪行曾經發生過。
相反,它依賴於兩名證人的證詞,他們的證詞不僅在盤問中受到嚴重質疑,而且還被被告斷然反駁。 現在有間接證據表明,Mayella
Ewell 被一個幾乎完全用左[手]領導的人野蠻毆打。
湯姆·羅賓遜現在坐在你面前,用他唯一的好手——他的右手——拿起了《誓言》。
I have nothing but pity in my
heart for the Chief Witness for the State. She is the victim of cruel poverty
and ignorance. But, my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man's
life at stake, which she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt. Now
I say "guilt," gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her.
She's committed no crime. She has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code
of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our
midst as unfit to live with. She must destroy the evidence of her offense. But,
what was the evidence of her offense? Tom Robinson, a human being. She must put
Tom Robinson away from her. Tom Robinson was to her a daily reminder of what
she did.
對於國家的首席見證人,我心中只有憐憫。 她是殘酷貧困和無知的受害者。 但是,我的憐憫並沒有延伸到她為了擺脫自己的罪惡感而將一個男人的生命置於危險之中。
現在我說“內疚”,先生們,因為是內疚激勵了她。 她沒有犯罪。 她只是打破了我們社會中一個嚴格而由來已久的準則,一個如此嚴厲的準則,以至於無論誰違反它,都會被趕出我們中間,因為不適合與之共處。
她必須銷毀她犯罪的證據。 但是,她犯罪的證據是什麼? 湯姆羅賓遜,一個人。 她必須讓湯姆羅賓遜遠離她。 湯姆·羅賓遜每天都在提醒她自己的所作所為。
Now what did she do? She
tempted a negro. She was white and she tempted a negro. She did something that
in our society is unspeakable: She kissed a black man. Not an old uncle, but a
strong, young negro man. No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it
came crashing down on her afterwards.
現在她做了什麼? 她勾引了一個黑人。 她是白人,卻勾引了一個黑人。 她做了一件在我們的社會中無法形容的事情:她親吻了一個黑人。
不是老叔叔,而是強壯的年輕黑人。 在她破解之前,代碼對她來說並不重要,但之後它就讓她崩潰了。
The witnesses for the State,
with the exception of the sheriff of Lincoln County, have presented themselves
to you gentlemen -- to this Court -- in the cynical confidence that their
testimony would not be doubted; confident that you gentlemen would go along
with them on the assumption, the evil assumption, that all negroes lie; all
negroes are basically immoral beings; all negro men are not to be trusted
around our women, an assumption that one associates with minds of their
caliber, and which is in itself, gentlemen, a lie -- which I do not need to
point out to you.
國家的證人,除了林肯縣的治安官,都以憤世嫉俗的自信向你們這些先生們——向本法庭——展示了自己的證詞,他們的證詞不會受到懷疑;
相信你們先生們會同意他們的假設,邪惡的假設,即所有黑人都在撒謊;
所有黑人基本上都是不道德的人; 在我們的女人身邊,所有的黑人男人都不值得信任,這是一種假設,人們會聯想到他們的才智,而這本身就是一個謊言,先生們,我不需要向你們指出這一點。
And so, a quiet, humble,
respectable negro, who has had the unmitigated TEMERITY to feel sorry for a
white woman, has had to put his word against two white peoples. The defendant
is not guilty. But somebody in this courtroom is.
因此,一個安靜、謙虛、受人尊敬的黑人,曾毫不掩飾地為一個白人婦女感到難過,卻不得不對兩個白人發表他的言論。
被告人無罪。 但是這個法庭裡有人是。
Now, gentlemen, in this
country our courts are the great levelers. In our courts, all men are created
equal. I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and of
our jury system. That's no ideal to me. That is a living, working reality!
現在,先生們,在這個國家,我們的法院是偉大的平等者。 在我們的法庭上,人人生而平等。
我不是堅信我們法院和陪審團制度公正的理想主義者。 這對我來說並不理想。 那是一個活生生的工作現實!
Now I am confident that you
gentlemen will review without passion the evidence that you have heard, come to
a decision, and restore this man to his family.
現在我相信你們先生們會毫無激情地審查你們所聽到的證據,做出決定,並讓這個人回到他的家人身邊。
In the name of God, do your
duty. In the name of God, believe Tom Robinson.
以上帝的名義,履行你的職責。 以上帝的名義,相信湯姆羅賓遜。

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